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Annotation symbols for close reading11/25/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() Examples are CS for carbon steel or SS for stainless steel. The material tells you what the that section of pipe is made out of. The service is what is being carried in the pipe, and is usually the major component in the stream. The diameter of the pipe is presented in inches. These short codes consist of: diameter of pipe, service, material, and insulation. In addition to line symbols, there are also line labels that are short codes that convey further properties of that line. "Electrical impulse" shows that the manner in which information is sent from the controller to the the pipe is by an electrical signal, whereas "pneumatic impulse" indicates information sent by a gas. The last column in Table 1 shows pipes that are controlled by a controller. "Lagged" indicates on a P&ID that the pipe is wrapped in a cloth or fiberglass wrap as an alternative to painting to improve the appearance of the pipe see here for more information. "Trace heated" shows that the pipe has wiring wrapped around it to keep the contents heated. "Insulated" is straightforward, showing that the pipe has insulation. In Table 1, the "main process" refers to a pipe carrying a chemical. The table describes the most common lines. Line symbols are used to describe connectivity between different units in a controlled system. The final section describes the sensors/transmitters that measure parameters in a system. The third section describes actuators, which are devices that directly control the process. The second section describes letters used to identify control devices in a process. The first section describes the use of lines to describe process connectivity. This section covers four main types of nomenclature. See below for P&ID templates for these programs. These programs are beneficial to produce clean and neat P&IDs that can be stored and viewed electronically. As with other P&IDs, these programs do not show the actual size and position of the equipment, sensors and valves, but rather provide a relative positions. Common programs, for both PC and Mac, that create P&IDs include Microsoft Visio (PC) and OmniGraffle (Mac). P&IDs can be created by hand or computer. The standard notation, varying from letters to figures, is important for engineers to understand because it a common language used for discussing plants in the industrial world. "Process equipment, valves, instruments and pipe lines are tagged with unique identification codes, set up according to their size, material fluid contents, method of connection (screwed, flanged, etc.) and the status (Valves - Normally Closed, Normally Open)." These two diagrams can be used to connect the parameters with the control system to develop a complete working process. P&IDs provide more detail than a process flow diagram with the exception of the parameters, i.e. These symbols can represent actuators, sensors, and controllers and may be apparent in most, if not all, system diagrams. ![]() Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) use specific symbols to show the connectivity of equipment, sensors, and valves in a control system. ![]()
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